However, previous evidence regarding empathy and addiction is behaviorally unspecific and virtually null in terms of their brain structural or functional correlates. These deficits may compromise interpersonal interactions and contribute to diminished social functioning. Reduced empathic abilities are frequently observed in drug abusers. Our study shows a significant effect of OT on self-referential processes, proving the potential effect of OT on a left hemisphere self-network. In multivariate fMRI and region of interest analyses, better performance in the OT group indicated that OT increased self-other distinction, especially for adult faces and in the left hemisphere. This difference was more pronounced in the adult-face condition. Moreover, fMRI results showed that the OT group exhibited increased activity in visual areas and the inferior frontal gyrus for self-faces. Behavioral results showed that people judged adult-morphed faces better than child-morphed faces. After treatment with either OT or placebo, participants reported whether a stimulus resembled themselves while being scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). For the stimuli, we morphed participants' faces and child or adult strangers' faces, resulting in 4 conditions. This double-blind, placebo-controlled study investigated the effect of OT on self-face perception at the behavioral and neural levels. Moreover, it is unclear whether OT influences self-other discrimination when the other is a child or an adult. However, little is known about the effect of OT on self-other perception, especially its neural basis. Although with conflicting results, studies have found that oxytocin (OT) sharpens the self-other perceptual boundary. Self-other distinction is crucial for human interaction. This project represents an important step forward in testing neuro-cognitive models of language processing in children. As compared to our previous study on 5- to 6-year-old children, which only showed semantic specialization in the temporal lobe, the current study suggests a developmental progression to semantic specialization in the frontal lobe. However, there was no support for syntactic specialization in 7- to 8-year-old children. We also found that the left superior temporal gyrus (STG) played an integration role and was sensitive to both semantic and syntactic processing during both correct and incorrect sentence processing. We found support for semantic specialization in the left middle temporal gyrus (MTG) for correct sentences and in the triangular part of the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) for incorrect sentences. In the current study, we used the same approach to examine semantic and syntactic specialization in children ages 7 to 8 years old. Our recently published study (Wang, Rice & Booth, 2020), using multivoxel pattern analyses, detected that children as young as 5 to 6 years old exhibit specialization and integration in the temporal lobe, but not the frontal lobe. However, there is little evidence supporting this proposed progression. ![]() Neuro-cognitive models of language development argue that this specialization appears earlier in the temporal than the frontal lobe. Previous studies indicate that adults show specialized syntactic and semantic processes in both the temporal and frontal lobes during language comprehension.
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